The first thing to keep in mind is that the system is a SIP system and has standards by which it functions. The standards (RFC) define the functionality that must be complied with in order to maintain compatibility with or allow interfacing to/between other systems so that each knows how to communicate with the other. As a result, the system can key to certain fields that are delivered to it, which typically means the DID or CID numbers.
The DID is the more common as it is used to "reach" the system (the number the caller dials), but along with the DID may come a Caller-ID (CID), If you know the CID, then you can have the system route that caller using that DID and CID combination in a different manner. Such may be the case if you want to input your wife's cell phone CID into the system and route directly to your extension rather than an IVR, receptionist, etc.
DIDs, as you are aware, are also routed and many 3CX users may have multiple DIDs with each being routed to a different location. An example of this might be that the company has one main number that most would dial and reach the IVR, etc, but the senior management, sales teams and other might have a non-published DID that is on their business cards and the like where those who know the number can dial and reach the intended recipient directly.
So, to a degree yes and possibly more so if doing direct IP calling but, most do not have that capability and I did not get the sense that this was the direction you were inquiring about.