You can obtain the needed URL by logging into the 3CX console and running a report that allows you to download a recording. In Windows, in your browser, right-click on the link to save the URL. However, you have a larger challenge. You cannot access recordings this way unless you first authenticate to the 3CX server.
This may change with the release of 3CX V18 once the new REST API is available. We don't know what capabilities will be offered by the new API, but I'm hopeful that this is one of the things we will be able to do.
In the meantime, you can use our VoIPTools REST API to get a list of recordings and download individual recordings.