Nice and interesting feature. Unfortunately there isn't the ability to do this in 3CX.
But if you want a good workaround, given the phone supports different ring tones, you can configure lets say 4 DID's and 4 accounts on the same phone.
Each account will have a separate auth ID and Password and sep ext no. Then these accounts in the phone should be configured with a separate ring tone that is different. Ex Ring tone A, B, C and D for Account 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Then Get the 4 DID's I, II. III. IV and point them to extension 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. This way the same phone will ring but a different account will be targeted on the phone and the Phone will play that respective ring tone for you. That way you will identify the DID calling from the ring tone + the DID name + CID of the DID. What do you think of this?